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CurvaturesAdjustEdges

vtk-examples/Cxx/PolyData/CurvaturesAdjustEdges


Description

This example demonstrates how to calculate Gaussian and Mean curvatures for a vtkPolyData source. Since edges can produce large discrepancies to curvatures, edge adjustment can be applied. If we know the geometry of the surface we can also modify the curvatures.

Functions are provided to achieve these aims.

A histogram of the frequencies is also output to the console. This is useful if you want to get an idea of the distribution of the scalars in each band.

This example was inspired by these discussions:

Thanks to everyone involved in these discussions.

Other languages

See (Python)

Question

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Code

CurvaturesAdjustEdges.cxx

#include <vtkActor.h>
#include <vtkActor2D.h>
#include <vtkCamera.h>
#include <vtkColorTransferFunction.h>
#include <vtkCubeSource.h>
#include <vtkCurvatures.h>
#include <vtkDelaunay2D.h>
#include <vtkDoubleArray.h>
#include <vtkFeatureEdges.h>
#include <vtkFloatArray.h>
#include <vtkIdFilter.h>
#include <vtkIdList.h>
#include <vtkInteractorStyleTrackballCamera.h>
#include <vtkLinearSubdivisionFilter.h>
#include <vtkLookupTable.h>
#include <vtkNamedColors.h>
#include <vtkNew.h>
#include <vtkParametricBour.h>
#include <vtkParametricEnneper.h>
#include <vtkParametricFunctionSource.h>
#include <vtkParametricMobius.h>
#include <vtkParametricRandomHills.h>
#include <vtkParametricTorus.h>
#include <vtkPointData.h>
#include <vtkPolyData.h>
#include <vtkPolyDataMapper.h>
#include <vtkPolyDataNormals.h>
#include <vtkPolyDataTangents.h>
#include <vtkRenderWindow.h>
#include <vtkRenderWindowInteractor.h>
#include <vtkRenderer.h>
#include <vtkScalarBarActor.h>
#include <vtkSmartPointer.h>
#include <vtkTextMapper.h>
#include <vtkTextProperty.h>
#include <vtkTexturedSphereSource.h>
#include <vtkTransform.h>
#include <vtkTransformPolyDataFilter.h>
#include <vtkTriangleFilter.h>
#include <vtkVersion.h>

#if VTK_VERSION_NUMBER >= 90020210809ULL
#define HAS_COW
#include <vtkCameraOrientationWidget.h>
#endif

#include <algorithm>
#include <array>
#include <cctype>
#include <cmath>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <functional>
#include <iomanip>
#include <iostream>
#include <iterator>
#include <map>
#include <numeric>
#include <set>
#include <sstream>

namespace {

//! Adjust curvatures along the edges of the surface.
/*!
 * This function adjusts curvatures along the edges of the surface by replacing
 *  the value with the average value of the curvatures of points in the
 *  neighborhood.
 *
 * Remember to update the vtkCurvatures object before calling this.
 *
 * @param source - A vtkPolyData object corresponding to the vtkCurvatures
 * object.
 * @param curvatureName: The name of the curvature, "Gauss_Curvature" or
 * "Mean_Curvature".
 * @param epsilon: Curvature values less than this will be set to zero.
 * @return
 */
void AdjustEdgeCurvatures(vtkPolyData* source, std::string const& curvatureName,
                          double const& epsilon = 1.0e-08);

//! Constrain curvatures to the range [lower_bound ... upper_bound].
/*!
 * Remember to update the vtkCurvatures object before calling this.
 *
 * @param source - A vtkPolyData object corresponding to the vtkCurvatures
 * object.
 * @param curvatureName: The name of the curvature, "Gauss_Curvature" or
 * "Mean_Curvature".
 * @param lowerBound: The lower bound.
 * @param upperBound: The upper bound.
 * @return
 */
void ConstrainCurvatures(vtkPolyData* source, std::string const& curvatureName,
                         double const& lowerBound = 0.0,
                         double const& upperBound = 0.0);

// Some sample surfaces to try.
vtkSmartPointer<vtkPolyData> GetBour();
vtkSmartPointer<vtkPolyData> GetCube();
vtkSmartPointer<vtkPolyData> GetEnneper();
vtkSmartPointer<vtkPolyData> GetHills();
vtkSmartPointer<vtkPolyData> GetMobius();
vtkSmartPointer<vtkPolyData> GetRandomHills();
vtkSmartPointer<vtkPolyData> GetSphere();
vtkSmartPointer<vtkPolyData> GetTorus();

vtkSmartPointer<vtkPolyData> GetSource(std::string const& soource);

vtkSmartPointer<vtkLookupTable> GetDivergingLut();
vtkSmartPointer<vtkLookupTable> GetDivergingLut1();

std::map<int, std::vector<double>> GetBands(double const dR[2],
                                            int const& numberOfBands,
                                            int const& precision = 2,
                                            bool const& nearestInteger = false);
//! Count the number of scalars in each band.
/*
 * The scalars used are the active scalars in the polydata.
 *
 * @param bands - the bands.
 * @param src - the vtkPolyData source.
 * @return The frequencies of the scalars in each band.
 */
std::map<int, int> GetFrequencies(std::map<int, std::vector<double>>& bands,
                                  vtkPolyData* src);
//!
/*
 * The bands and frequencies are adjusted so that the first and last
 *  frequencies in the range are non-zero.
 * @param bands: The bands.
 * @param freq: The frequencies.
 */
void AdjustFrequencyRanges(std::map<int, std::vector<double>>& bands,
                           std::map<int, int>& freq);

void PrintBandsFrequencies(std::map<int, std::vector<double>> const& bands,
                           std::map<int, int>& freq, int const& precision = 2);

} // namespace

int main(int, char*[])
{

  std::string desiredSurface = "RandomHills";
  // desiredSurface = "Bour";
  // desiredSurface = "Cube";
  // desiredSurface = "Hills";
  // desiredSurface = "Enneper";
  // desiredSurface = "Mobius";
  // desiredSurface = "RandomHills";
  // desiredSurface = "Sphere";
  // desiredSurface = "Torus";

  auto source = GetSource(desiredSurface);

  vtkNew<vtkCurvatures> gc;
  gc->SetInputData(source);
  gc->SetCurvatureTypeToGaussian();
  gc->Update();
  std::vector<std::string> adjSurfaces{"Bour", "Enneper", "Hills",
                                       "RandomHills", "Torus"};
  if (std::find(adjSurfaces.begin(), adjSurfaces.end(), desiredSurface) !=
      adjSurfaces.end())
  {
    AdjustEdgeCurvatures(gc->GetOutput(), "Gauss_Curvature");
  }
  if (desiredSurface == "Bour")
  {
    // Gaussian curvature is -1/(r(r+1)^4))
    ConstrainCurvatures(gc->GetOutput(), "Gauss_Curvature", -0.0625, -0.0625);
  }
  if (desiredSurface == "Enneper")
  {
    // Gaussian curvature is -4/(1 + r^2)^4
    ConstrainCurvatures(gc->GetOutput(), "Gauss_Curvature", -0.25, -0.25);
  }
  if (desiredSurface == "Cube")
  {
    ConstrainCurvatures(gc->GetOutput(), "Gauss_Curvature", 0.0, 0.0);
  }
  if (desiredSurface == "Mobius")
  {
    ConstrainCurvatures(gc->GetOutput(), "Gauss_Curvature", 0.0, 0.0);
  }
  if (desiredSurface == "Sphere")
  {
    // Gaussian curvature is 1/r^2
    ConstrainCurvatures(gc->GetOutput(), "Gauss_Curvature", 4.0, 4.0);
  }
  source->GetPointData()->AddArray(
      gc->GetOutput()->GetPointData()->GetAbstractArray("Gauss_Curvature"));

  vtkNew<vtkCurvatures> mc;
  mc->SetInputData(source);
  mc->SetCurvatureTypeToMean();
  mc->Update();
  if (std::find(adjSurfaces.begin(), adjSurfaces.end(), desiredSurface) !=
      adjSurfaces.end())
  {
    AdjustEdgeCurvatures(mc->GetOutput(), "Mean_Curvature");
  }
  if (desiredSurface == "Bour")
  {
    // Mean curvature is 0
    ConstrainCurvatures(mc->GetOutput(), "Mean_Curvature", 0.0, 0.0);
  }
  if (desiredSurface == "Enneper")
  {
    // Mean curvature is 0
    ConstrainCurvatures(mc->GetOutput(), "Mean_Curvature", 0.0, 0.0);
  }
  if (desiredSurface == "Sphere")
  {
    // Mean curvature is 1/r
    ConstrainCurvatures(mc->GetOutput(), "Mean_Curvature", 2.0, 2.0);
  }
  source->GetPointData()->AddArray(
      mc->GetOutput()->GetPointData()->GetAbstractArray("Mean_Curvature"));

  // Uncomment the following lines if you want to write out the polydata.
  // vtkNew<vtkXMLPolyDataWriter> writer;
  // writer->SetFileName("Source.vtp");
  // writer->SetInputData(source);
  // writer->SetDataModeToAscii();
  // writer->Write();

  // Let's visualise what we have done.

  vtkNew<vtkNamedColors> colors;

  colors->SetColor("ParaViewBkg",
                   std::array<unsigned char, 4>{82, 87, 110, 255}.data());

  auto windowWidth = 1024;
  auto windowHeight = 512;

  vtkNew<vtkRenderWindow> renWin;
  renWin->SetSize(windowWidth, windowHeight);
  vtkNew<vtkRenderWindowInteractor> iRen;
  iRen->SetRenderWindow(renWin);
  vtkNew<vtkInteractorStyleTrackballCamera> style;
  iRen->SetInteractorStyle(style);

  // Create a common text property.
  vtkNew<vtkTextProperty> textProperty;
  textProperty->SetFontSize(24);
  textProperty->SetJustificationToCentered();

  auto lut = GetDivergingLut();
  // auto lut = GetDivergingLut1();

  // Define viewport ranges
  std::array<double, 2> xmins{0, 0.5};
  std::array<double, 2> xmaxs{0.5, 1};
  std::array<double, 2> ymins{0, 0};
  std::array<double, 2> ymaxs{1.0, 1.0};

  vtkCamera* camera = nullptr;

#ifdef HAS_COW
  vtkNew<vtkCameraOrientationWidget> camOrientManipulator;
#endif

  std::array<std::string, 2> curvatureTypes{"Gauss_Curvature",
                                            "Mean_Curvature"};
  for (size_t idx = 0; idx < curvatureTypes.size(); ++idx)
  {
    auto curvatureTitle = curvatureTypes[idx];
    std::replace(curvatureTitle.begin(), curvatureTitle.end(), '_', '\n');

    source->GetPointData()->SetActiveScalars(curvatureTypes[idx].c_str());
    auto scalarRange = source->GetPointData()
                           ->GetScalars(curvatureTypes[idx].c_str())
                           ->GetRange();

    auto bands = GetBands(scalarRange, 10);
    auto freq = GetFrequencies(bands, source);
    AdjustFrequencyRanges(bands, freq);
    std::cout << curvatureTypes[idx] << std::endl;
    PrintBandsFrequencies(bands, freq);

    vtkNew<vtkPolyDataMapper> mapper;
    mapper->SetInputData(source);
    mapper->SetScalarModeToUsePointFieldData();
    mapper->SelectColorArray(curvatureTypes[idx].c_str());
    mapper->SetScalarRange(scalarRange);
    mapper->SetLookupTable(lut);

    vtkNew<vtkActor> actor;
    actor->SetMapper(mapper);

    // Create a scalar bar
    vtkNew<vtkScalarBarActor> scalarBar;
    scalarBar->SetLookupTable(mapper->GetLookupTable());
    scalarBar->SetTitle(curvatureTitle.c_str());
    scalarBar->UnconstrainedFontSizeOn();
    scalarBar->SetNumberOfLabels(
        std::min<int>(5, static_cast<int>(freq.size())));
    scalarBar->SetMaximumWidthInPixels(windowWidth / 8);
    scalarBar->SetMaximumHeightInPixels(windowHeight / 3);
    scalarBar->SetBarRatio(scalarBar->GetBarRatio() * 0.5);
    scalarBar->SetPosition(0.85, 0.1);

    vtkNew<vtkTextMapper> textMapper;
    textMapper->SetInput(curvatureTitle.c_str());
    textMapper->SetTextProperty(textProperty);

    vtkNew<vtkActor2D> textActor;
    textActor->SetMapper(textMapper);
    textActor->SetPosition(250, 16);

    vtkNew<vtkRenderer> renderer;
    renderer->SetBackground(colors->GetColor3d("ParaViewBkg").GetData());

    renderer->AddActor(actor);
    renderer->AddActor(textActor);
    renderer->AddActor(scalarBar);

    renWin->AddRenderer(renderer);

    if (idx == 0)
    {
#ifdef HAS_COW
      camOrientManipulator->SetParentRenderer(renderer);
#endif
      camera = renderer->GetActiveCamera();
      camera->Elevation(60);
    }
    else
    {
      renderer->SetActiveCamera(camera);
    }
    renderer->SetViewport(xmins[idx], ymins[idx], xmaxs[idx], ymaxs[idx]);
    renderer->ResetCamera();
  }
#ifdef HAS_COW
  // Enable the widget.
  camOrientManipulator->On();
#endif

  renWin->Render();
  renWin->SetWindowName("CurvaturesAdjustEdges");
  iRen->Start();

  return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

namespace {

void AdjustEdgeCurvatures(vtkPolyData* source, std::string const& curvatureName,
                          double const& epsilon)
{
  auto PointNeighbourhood =
      [&source](vtkIdType const& pId) -> std::set<vtkIdType> {
    // Extract the topological neighbors for point pId. In two steps:
    //  1) source->GetPointCells(pId, cellIds)
    //  2) source->GetCellPoints(cellId, cellPointIds) for all cellId in cellIds
    vtkNew<vtkIdList> cellIds;
    source->GetPointCells(pId, cellIds);
    std::set<vtkIdType> neighbours;
    for (vtkIdType i = 0; i < cellIds->GetNumberOfIds(); ++i)
    {
      auto cellId = cellIds->GetId(i);
      vtkNew<vtkIdList> cellPointIds;
      source->GetCellPoints(cellId, cellPointIds);
      for (vtkIdType j = 0; j < cellPointIds->GetNumberOfIds(); ++j)
      {
        neighbours.insert(cellPointIds->GetId(j));
      }
    }
    return neighbours;
  };

  auto ComputeDistance = [&source](vtkIdType const& ptIdA,
                                   vtkIdType const& ptIdB) {
    std::array<double, 3> ptA{0.0, 0.0, 0.0};
    std::array<double, 3> ptB{0.0, 0.0, 0.0};
    std::array<double, 3> ptC{0.0, 0.0, 0.0};
    source->GetPoint(ptIdA, ptA.data());
    source->GetPoint(ptIdB, ptB.data());
    std::transform(std::begin(ptA), std::end(ptA), std::begin(ptB),
                   std::begin(ptC), std::minus<double>());
    // Calculate the norm.
    auto result = std::sqrt(std::inner_product(std::begin(ptC), std::end(ptC),
                                               std::begin(ptC), 0.0));
    return result;
  };

  source->GetPointData()->SetActiveScalars(curvatureName.c_str());
  // Curvature as a vector.
  auto array = source->GetPointData()->GetAbstractArray(curvatureName.c_str());
  std::vector<double> curvatures;
  for (vtkIdType i = 0; i < source->GetNumberOfPoints(); ++i)
  {
    curvatures.push_back(array->GetVariantValue(i).ToDouble());
  }

  // Get the boundary point IDs.
  std::string name = "Ids";
  vtkNew<vtkIdFilter> idFilter;
  idFilter->SetInputData(source);
  idFilter->SetPointIds(true);
  idFilter->SetCellIds(false);
  idFilter->SetPointIdsArrayName(name.c_str());
  idFilter->SetCellIdsArrayName(name.c_str());
  idFilter->Update();

  vtkNew<vtkFeatureEdges> edges;

  edges->SetInputConnection(idFilter->GetOutputPort());
  edges->BoundaryEdgesOn();
  edges->ManifoldEdgesOff();
  edges->NonManifoldEdgesOff();
  edges->FeatureEdgesOff();
  edges->Update();

  auto edgeAarray =
      edges->GetOutput()->GetPointData()->GetAbstractArray(name.c_str());
  std::vector<vtkIdType> boundaryIds;
  for (vtkIdType i = 0; i < edges->GetOutput()->GetNumberOfPoints(); ++i)
  {
    boundaryIds.push_back(edgeAarray->GetVariantValue(i).ToInt());
  }
  // Remove duplicate Ids.
  std::set<vtkIdType> pIdsSet(boundaryIds.begin(), boundaryIds.end());
  for (auto const pId : boundaryIds)
  {
    auto pIdsNeighbors = PointNeighbourhood(pId);
    std::set<vtkIdType> pIdsNeighborsInterior;
    std::set_difference(
        pIdsNeighbors.begin(), pIdsNeighbors.end(), pIdsSet.begin(),
        pIdsSet.end(),
        std::inserter(pIdsNeighborsInterior, pIdsNeighborsInterior.begin()));
    // Compute distances and extract curvature values.
    std::vector<double> curvs;
    std::vector<double> dists;
    for (auto const pIdN : pIdsNeighborsInterior)
    {
      curvs.push_back(curvatures[pIdN]);
      dists.push_back(ComputeDistance(pIdN, pId));
    }
    std::vector<vtkIdType> nonZeroDistIds;
    for (size_t i = 0; i < dists.size(); ++i)
    {
      if (dists[i] > 0)
      {
        nonZeroDistIds.push_back(i);
      }
    }
    std::vector<double> curvsNonZero;
    std::vector<double> distsNonZero;
    for (auto const i : nonZeroDistIds)
    {
      curvsNonZero.push_back(curvs[i]);
      distsNonZero.push_back(dists[i]);
    }
    // Iterate over the edge points and compute the curvature as the weighted
    // average of the neighbours.
    auto countInvalid = 0;
    auto newCurv = 0.0;
    if (curvsNonZero.size() > 0)
    {
      std::vector<double> weights;
      double sum = 0.0;
      for (auto const d : distsNonZero)
      {
        sum += 1.0 / d;
        weights.push_back(1.0 / d);
      }
      for (size_t i = 0; i < weights.size(); ++i)
      {
        weights[i] = weights[i] / sum;
      }
      newCurv = std::inner_product(curvsNonZero.begin(), curvsNonZero.end(),
                                   weights.begin(), 0.0);
    }
    else
    {
      // Corner case.
      // countInvalid += 1;
      // Assuming the curvature of the point is planar.
      newCurv = 0.0;
    }
    // Set the new curvature value.
    curvatures[pId] = newCurv;
  }

  // Set small values to zero.
  if (epsilon != 0.0)
  {
    auto eps = std::abs(epsilon);
    for (size_t i = 0; i < curvatures.size(); ++i)
    {
      if (std::abs(curvatures[i]) < eps)
      {
        curvatures[i] = 0.0;
      }
    }
  }

  if (static_cast<size_t>(source->GetNumberOfPoints()) != curvatures.size())
  {
    std::string s = curvatureName;
    s += ":\nCannot add the adjusted curvatures to the source.\n";
    s += " The number of points in source does not equal the\n";
    s += " number of point ids in the adjusted curvature array.";
    std::cerr << s << std::endl;
    return;
  }
  vtkNew<vtkDoubleArray> adjustedCurvatures;
  adjustedCurvatures->SetName(curvatureName.c_str());
  for (auto curvature : curvatures)
  {
    adjustedCurvatures->InsertNextTuple1(curvature);
  }
  source->GetPointData()->AddArray(adjustedCurvatures);
  source->GetPointData()->SetActiveScalars(curvatureName.c_str());
}

void ConstrainCurvatures(vtkPolyData* source, std::string const& curvatureName,
                         double const& lowerBound, double const& upperBound)
{
  std::array<double, 2> bounds{0.0, 0.0};
  if (lowerBound < upperBound)
  {
    bounds[0] = lowerBound;
    bounds[1] = upperBound;
  }
  else
  {
    bounds[0] = upperBound;
    bounds[1] = lowerBound;
  }

  source->GetPointData()->SetActiveScalars(curvatureName.c_str());
  // Curvature as a vector.
  auto array = source->GetPointData()->GetAbstractArray(curvatureName.c_str());
  std::vector<double> curvatures;
  for (vtkIdType i = 0; i < source->GetNumberOfPoints(); ++i)
  {
    curvatures.push_back(array->GetVariantValue(i).ToDouble());
  }
  //  Set upper and lower bounds.
  for (size_t i = 0; i < curvatures.size(); ++i)
  {
    if (curvatures[i] < bounds[0])
    {
      curvatures[i] = bounds[0];
    }
    else
    {
      if (curvatures[i] > bounds[1])
      {
        curvatures[i] = bounds[1];
      }
    }
  }
  vtkNew<vtkDoubleArray> adjustedCurvatures;
  for (auto curvature : curvatures)
  {
    adjustedCurvatures->InsertNextTuple1(curvature);
  }
  adjustedCurvatures->SetName(curvatureName.c_str());
  source->GetPointData()->RemoveArray(curvatureName.c_str());
  source->GetPointData()->AddArray(adjustedCurvatures);
  source->GetPointData()->SetActiveScalars(curvatureName.c_str());
}

// clang-format off
/**
 * See: [Diverging Color Maps for Scientific Visualization](https://www.kennethmoreland.com/color-maps/)
 *
 *                   start point         midPoint            end point
 * cool to warm:     0.230, 0.299, 0.754 0.865, 0.865, 0.865 0.706, 0.016, 0.150
 * purple to orange: 0.436, 0.308, 0.631 0.865, 0.865, 0.865 0.759, 0.334, 0.046
 * green to purple:  0.085, 0.532, 0.201 0.865, 0.865, 0.865 0.436, 0.308, 0.631
 * blue to brown:    0.217, 0.525, 0.910 0.865, 0.865, 0.865 0.677, 0.492, 0.093
 * green to red:     0.085, 0.532, 0.201 0.865, 0.865, 0.865 0.758, 0.214, 0.233
 *
 */
// clang-format on
vtkSmartPointer<vtkLookupTable> GetDivergingLut()
{

  vtkNew<vtkColorTransferFunction> ctf;
  ctf->SetColorSpaceToDiverging();
  ctf->AddRGBPoint(0.0, 0.230, 0.299, 0.754);
  ctf->AddRGBPoint(0.5, 0.865, 0.865, 0.865);
  ctf->AddRGBPoint(1.0, 0.706, 0.016, 0.150);

  auto tableSize = 256;
  vtkNew<vtkLookupTable> lut;
  lut->SetNumberOfTableValues(tableSize);
  lut->Build();

  for (auto i = 0; i < lut->GetNumberOfColors(); ++i)
  {
    std::array<double, 3> rgb;
    ctf->GetColor(static_cast<double>(i) / lut->GetNumberOfColors(),
                  rgb.data());
    std::array<double, 4> rgba{0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0};
    std::copy(std::begin(rgb), std::end(rgb), std::begin(rgba));
    lut->SetTableValue(static_cast<vtkIdType>(i), rgba.data());
  }

  return lut;
}

vtkSmartPointer<vtkLookupTable> GetDivergingLut1()
{
  vtkNew<vtkNamedColors> colors;
  // Colour transfer function.
  vtkNew<vtkColorTransferFunction> ctf;
  ctf->SetColorSpaceToDiverging();
  ctf->AddRGBPoint(0.0, colors->GetColor3d("MidnightBlue").GetRed(),
                   colors->GetColor3d("MidnightBlue").GetGreen(),
                   colors->GetColor3d("MidnightBlue").GetBlue());
  ctf->AddRGBPoint(0.5, colors->GetColor3d("Gainsboro").GetRed(),
                   colors->GetColor3d("Gainsboro").GetGreen(),
                   colors->GetColor3d("Gainsboro").GetBlue());
  ctf->AddRGBPoint(1.0, colors->GetColor3d("DarkOrange").GetRed(),
                   colors->GetColor3d("DarkOrange").GetGreen(),
                   colors->GetColor3d("DarkOrange").GetBlue());

  // Lookup table.
  vtkNew<vtkLookupTable> lut;
  lut->SetNumberOfColors(256);
  for (auto i = 0; i < lut->GetNumberOfColors(); ++i)
  {
    std::array<double, 3> rgb;
    ctf->GetColor(double(i) / lut->GetNumberOfColors(), rgb.data());
    std::array<double, 4> rgba{0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 1.0};
    std::copy(std::begin(rgb), std::end(rgb), std::begin(rgba));
    lut->SetTableValue(i, rgba.data());
  }

  return lut;
}

vtkSmartPointer<vtkPolyData> GetBour()
{
  auto uResolution = 51;
  auto vResolution = 51;
  vtkNew<vtkParametricBour> surface;

  vtkNew<vtkParametricFunctionSource> source;
  source->SetUResolution(uResolution);
  source->SetVResolution(vResolution);
  source->GenerateTextureCoordinatesOn();
  source->SetParametricFunction(surface);
  source->Update();

  // Build the tangents
  vtkNew<vtkPolyDataTangents> tangents;
  tangents->SetInputConnection(source->GetOutputPort());
  tangents->Update();

  return tangents->GetOutput();
}

vtkSmartPointer<vtkPolyData> GetCube()
{
  vtkNew<vtkCubeSource> surface;

  // Triangulate
  vtkNew<vtkTriangleFilter> triangulation;
  triangulation->SetInputConnection(surface->GetOutputPort());
  // Subdivide the triangles
  vtkNew<vtkLinearSubdivisionFilter> subdivide;
  subdivide->SetInputConnection(triangulation->GetOutputPort());
  subdivide->SetNumberOfSubdivisions(3);
  // Now the tangents
  vtkNew<vtkPolyDataTangents> tangents;
  tangents->SetInputConnection(subdivide->GetOutputPort());
  tangents->Update();
  return tangents->GetOutput();
}

vtkSmartPointer<vtkPolyData> GetEnneper()
{
  auto uResolution = 51;
  auto vResolution = 51;
  vtkNew<vtkParametricEnneper> surface;

  vtkNew<vtkParametricFunctionSource> source;
  source->SetUResolution(uResolution);
  source->SetVResolution(vResolution);
  source->GenerateTextureCoordinatesOn();
  source->SetParametricFunction(surface);
  source->Update();

  // Build the tangents
  vtkNew<vtkPolyDataTangents> tangents;
  tangents->SetInputConnection(source->GetOutputPort());
  tangents->Update();

  return tangents->GetOutput();
}

vtkSmartPointer<vtkPolyData> GetHills()
{
  // Create four hills on a plane.
  // This will have regions of negative, zero and positive Gsaussian
  // curvatures.

  auto xRes = 50;
  auto yRes = 50;
  auto xMin = -5.0;
  auto xMax = 5.0;
  auto dx = (xMax - xMin) / (xRes - 1.0);
  auto yMin = -5.0;
  auto yMax = 5.0;
  auto dy = (yMax - yMin) / (xRes - 1.0);

  // Make a grid.
  vtkNew<vtkPoints> points;
  for (auto i = 0; i < xRes; ++i)
  {
    auto x = xMin + i * dx;
    for (auto j = 0; j < yRes; ++j)
    {
      auto y = yMin + j * dy;
      points->InsertNextPoint(x, y, 0);
    }
  }

  // Add the grid points to a polydata object.
  vtkNew<vtkPolyData> plane;
  plane->SetPoints(points);

  // Triangulate the grid.
  vtkNew<vtkDelaunay2D> delaunay;
  delaunay->SetInputData(plane);
  delaunay->Update();

  auto polydata = delaunay->GetOutput();

  vtkNew<vtkDoubleArray> elevation;
  elevation->SetNumberOfTuples(points->GetNumberOfPoints());

  //  We define the parameters for the hills here.
  // [[0: x0, 1: y0, 2: x variance, 3: y variance, 4: amplitude]...]
  std::vector<std::array<double, 5>> hd{{-2.5, -2.5, 2.5, 6.5, 3.5},
                                        {2.5, 2.5, 2.5, 2.5, 2},
                                        {5.0, -2.5, 1.5, 1.5, 2.5},
                                        {-5.0, 5, 2.5, 3.0, 3}};
  std::array<double, 2> xx{0.0, 0.0};
  for (auto i = 0; i < points->GetNumberOfPoints(); ++i)
  {
    auto x = polydata->GetPoint(i);
    for (size_t j = 0; j < hd.size(); ++j)
    {
      xx[0] = std::pow(x[0] - hd[j][0] / hd[j][2], 2.0);
      xx[1] = std::pow(x[1] - hd[j][1] / hd[j][3], 2.0);
      x[2] += hd[j][4] * std::exp(-(xx[0] + xx[1]) / 2.0);
    }
    polydata->GetPoints()->SetPoint(i, x);
    elevation->SetValue(i, x[2]);
  }

  vtkNew<vtkFloatArray> textures;
  textures->SetNumberOfComponents(2);
  textures->SetNumberOfTuples(2 * polydata->GetNumberOfPoints());
  textures->SetName("Textures");

  for (auto i = 0; i < xRes; ++i)
  {
    float tc[2];
    tc[0] = i / (xRes - 1.0);
    for (auto j = 0; j < yRes; ++j)
    {
      // tc[1] = 1.0 - j / (yRes - 1.0);
      tc[1] = j / (yRes - 1.0);
      textures->SetTuple(static_cast<vtkIdType>(i) * yRes + j, tc);
    }
  }

  polydata->GetPointData()->SetScalars(elevation);
  polydata->GetPointData()->GetScalars()->SetName("Elevation");
  polydata->GetPointData()->SetTCoords(textures);

  vtkNew<vtkPolyDataNormals> normals;
  normals->SetInputData(polydata);
  normals->SetInputData(polydata);
  normals->SetFeatureAngle(30);
  normals->SplittingOff();

  vtkNew<vtkTransform> tr1;
  tr1->RotateX(-90);

  vtkNew<vtkTransformPolyDataFilter> tf1;
  tf1->SetInputConnection(normals->GetOutputPort());
  tf1->SetTransform(tr1);
  tf1->Update();

  return tf1->GetOutput();
}

vtkSmartPointer<vtkPolyData> GetMobius()
{
  auto uResolution = 51;
  auto vResolution = 51;
  vtkNew<vtkParametricMobius> surface;
  surface->SetMinimumV(-0.25);
  surface->SetMaximumV(0.25);

  vtkNew<vtkParametricFunctionSource> source;
  source->SetUResolution(uResolution);
  source->SetVResolution(vResolution);
  source->GenerateTextureCoordinatesOn();
  source->SetParametricFunction(surface);
  source->Update();

  // Build the tangents
  vtkNew<vtkPolyDataTangents> tangents;
  tangents->SetInputConnection(source->GetOutputPort());
  tangents->Update();

  vtkNew<vtkTransform> transform;
  transform->RotateX(-90.0);
  vtkNew<vtkTransformPolyDataFilter> transformFilter;
  transformFilter->SetInputConnection(tangents->GetOutputPort());
  transformFilter->SetTransform(transform);
  transformFilter->Update();

  return transformFilter->GetOutput();
}

vtkSmartPointer<vtkPolyData> GetRandomHills()
{
  auto uResolution = 51;
  auto vResolution = 51;
  vtkNew<vtkParametricRandomHills> surface;
  surface->SetRandomSeed(1);
  surface->SetNumberOfHills(30);
  // If you want a plane
  // surface->SetHillAmplitude(0);

  vtkNew<vtkParametricFunctionSource> source;
  source->SetUResolution(uResolution);
  source->SetVResolution(vResolution);
  source->GenerateTextureCoordinatesOn();
  source->SetParametricFunction(surface);
  source->Update();

  // Build the tangents
  vtkNew<vtkPolyDataTangents> tangents;
  tangents->SetInputConnection(source->GetOutputPort());
  tangents->Update();

  vtkNew<vtkTransform> transform;
  transform->Translate(0.0, 5.0, 15.0);
  transform->RotateX(-90.0);
  vtkNew<vtkTransformPolyDataFilter> transformFilter;
  transformFilter->SetInputConnection(tangents->GetOutputPort());
  transformFilter->SetTransform(transform);
  transformFilter->Update();

  return transformFilter->GetOutput();
}

vtkSmartPointer<vtkPolyData> GetSphere()
{
  auto thetaResolution = 32;
  auto phiResolution = 32;
  vtkNew<vtkTexturedSphereSource> surface;
  surface->SetThetaResolution(thetaResolution);
  surface->SetPhiResolution(phiResolution);

  // Now the tangents
  vtkNew<vtkPolyDataTangents> tangents;
  tangents->SetInputConnection(surface->GetOutputPort());
  tangents->Update();
  return tangents->GetOutput();
}

vtkSmartPointer<vtkPolyData> GetTorus()
{
  auto uResolution = 51;
  auto vResolution = 51;
  vtkNew<vtkParametricTorus> surface;

  vtkNew<vtkParametricFunctionSource> source;
  source->SetUResolution(uResolution);
  source->SetVResolution(vResolution);
  source->GenerateTextureCoordinatesOn();
  source->SetParametricFunction(surface);
  source->Update();

  // Build the tangents
  vtkNew<vtkPolyDataTangents> tangents;
  tangents->SetInputConnection(source->GetOutputPort());
  tangents->Update();

  vtkNew<vtkTransform> transform;
  transform->RotateX(-90.0);
  vtkNew<vtkTransformPolyDataFilter> transformFilter;
  transformFilter->SetInputConnection(tangents->GetOutputPort());
  transformFilter->SetTransform(transform);
  transformFilter->Update();

  return transformFilter->GetOutput();
}

vtkSmartPointer<vtkPolyData> GetSource(std::string const& source)
{
  std::string surface = source;
  std::transform(surface.begin(), surface.end(), surface.begin(),
                 [](unsigned char c) { return std::tolower(c); });
  std::map<std::string, int> available_surfaces = {
      {"bour", 0},   {"cube", 1},        {"enneper", 2}, {"hills", 3},
      {"mobius", 4}, {"randomhills", 5}, {"sphere", 6},  {"torus", 7}};
  if (available_surfaces.find(surface) == available_surfaces.end())
  {
    std::cout << "The surface is not available." << std::endl;
    std::cout << "Using RandomHills instead." << std::endl;
    surface = "randomhills";
  }
  switch (available_surfaces[surface])
  {
  case 0:
    return GetBour();
    break;
  case 1:
    return GetCube();
    break;
  case 2:
    return GetEnneper();
    break;
  case 3:
    return GetHills();
    break;
  case 4:
    return GetMobius();
    break;
  case 5:
    return GetRandomHills();
    break;
  case 6:
    return GetSphere();
    break;
  case 7:
    return GetTorus();
    break;
  }
  return GetRandomHills();
}

std::map<int, std::vector<double>> GetBands(double const dR[2],
                                            int const& numberOfBands,
                                            int const& precision,
                                            bool const& nearestInteger)
{
  auto prec = abs(precision);
  prec = (prec > 14) ? 14 : prec;

  auto RoundOff = [&prec](const double& x) {
    auto pow_10 = std::pow(10.0, prec);
    return std::round(x * pow_10) / pow_10;
  };

  std::map<int, std::vector<double>> bands;
  if ((dR[1] < dR[0]) || (numberOfBands <= 0))
  {
    return bands;
  }
  double x[2];
  for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i)
  {
    x[i] = dR[i];
  }
  if (nearestInteger)
  {
    x[0] = std::floor(x[0]);
    x[1] = std::ceil(x[1]);
  }
  double dx = (x[1] - x[0]) / static_cast<double>(numberOfBands);
  std::vector<double> b;
  b.push_back(x[0]);
  b.push_back(x[0] + dx / 2.0);
  b.push_back(x[0] + dx);
  for (int i = 0; i < numberOfBands; ++i)
  {
    if (i == 0)
    {
      for (std::vector<double>::iterator p = b.begin(); p != b.end(); ++p)
      {
        *p = RoundOff(*p);
      }
      b[0] = x[0];
    }
    bands[i] = b;
    for (std::vector<double>::iterator p = b.begin(); p != b.end(); ++p)
    {
      *p = RoundOff(*p + dx);
    }
  }
  return bands;
}

std::map<int, int> GetFrequencies(std::map<int, std::vector<double>>& bands,
                                  vtkPolyData* src)
{
  std::map<int, int> freq;
  for (auto i = 0; i < static_cast<int>(bands.size()); ++i)
  {
    freq[i] = 0;
  }
  vtkIdType tuples = src->GetPointData()->GetScalars()->GetNumberOfTuples();
  for (int i = 0; i < tuples; ++i)
  {
    double* x = src->GetPointData()->GetScalars()->GetTuple(i);
    for (auto j = 0; j < static_cast<int>(bands.size()); ++j)
    {
      if (*x <= bands[j][2])
      {
        freq[j] = freq[j] + 1;
        break;
      }
    }
  }
  return freq;
}

void AdjustFrequencyRanges(std::map<int, std::vector<double>>& bands,
                           std::map<int, int>& freq)
{
  // Get the indices of the first and last non-zero elements.
  auto first = 0;
  for (auto i = 0; i < static_cast<int>(freq.size()); ++i)
  {
    if (freq[i] != 0)
    {
      first = i;
      break;
    }
  }
  std::vector<int> keys;
  for (std::map<int, int>::iterator it = freq.begin(); it != freq.end(); ++it)
  {
    keys.push_back(it->first);
  }
  std::reverse(keys.begin(), keys.end());
  auto last = keys[0];
  for (size_t i = 0; i < keys.size(); ++i)
  {
    if (freq[keys[i]] != 0)
    {
      last = keys[i];
      break;
    }
  }
  // Now adjust the ranges.
  std::map<int, int>::iterator freqItr;
  freqItr = freq.find(first);
  freq.erase(freq.begin(), freqItr);
  freqItr = ++freq.find(last);
  freq.erase(freqItr, freq.end());
  std::map<int, std::vector<double>>::iterator bandItr;
  bandItr = bands.find(first);
  bands.erase(bands.begin(), bandItr);
  bandItr = ++bands.find(last);
  bands.erase(bandItr, bands.end());
  // Reindex freq and bands.
  std::map<int, int> adjFreq;
  int idx = 0;
  for (auto p : freq)
  {
    adjFreq[idx] = p.second;
    ++idx;
  }
  std::map<int, std::vector<double>> adjBands;
  idx = 0;
  for (auto const& p : bands)
  {
    adjBands[idx] = p.second;
    ++idx;
  }
  bands = adjBands;
  freq = adjFreq;
}

void PrintBandsFrequencies(std::map<int, std::vector<double>> const& bands,
                           std::map<int, int>& freq, int const& precision)
{
  auto prec = abs(precision);
  prec = (prec > 14) ? 14 : prec;

  if (bands.size() != freq.size())
  {
    std::cout << "Bands and frequencies must be the same size." << std::endl;
    return;
  }
  std::ostringstream os;
  os << "Bands & Frequencies:\n";
  size_t idx = 0;
  auto total = 0;
  auto width = prec + 6;
  for (std::map<int, std::vector<double>>::const_iterator p = bands.begin();
       p != bands.end(); ++p)
  {
    total += freq[p->first];
    for (std::vector<double>::const_iterator q = p->second.begin();
         q != p->second.end(); ++q)
    {
      if (q == p->second.begin())
      {
        os << std::setw(4) << idx << " [";
      }
      if (q == std::prev(p->second.end()))
      {
        os << std::fixed << std::setw(width) << std::setprecision(prec) << *q
           << "]: " << std::setw(8) << freq[p->first] << "\n";
      }
      else
      {
        os << std::fixed << std::setw(width) << std::setprecision(prec) << *q
           << ", ";
      }
    }
    ++idx;
  }
  width = 3 * width + 13;
  os << std::left << std::setw(width) << "Total" << std::right << std::setw(8)
     << total << std::endl;
  std::cout << os.str() << endl;
}

} // namespace

CMakeLists.txt

cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.12 FATAL_ERROR)

project(CurvaturesAdjustEdges)

find_package(VTK COMPONENTS 
  CommonColor
  CommonComputationalGeometry
  CommonCore
  CommonDataModel
  CommonTransforms
  FiltersCore
  FiltersGeneral
  FiltersModeling
  FiltersSources
  InteractionStyle
  InteractionWidgets
  RenderingAnnotation
  RenderingContextOpenGL2
  RenderingCore
  RenderingFreeType
  RenderingGL2PSOpenGL2
  RenderingOpenGL2
)

if (NOT VTK_FOUND)
  message(FATAL_ERROR "CurvaturesAdjustEdges: Unable to find the VTK build folder.")
endif()

# Prevent a "command line is too long" failure in Windows.
set(CMAKE_NINJA_FORCE_RESPONSE_FILE "ON" CACHE BOOL "Force Ninja to use response files.")
add_executable(CurvaturesAdjustEdges MACOSX_BUNDLE CurvaturesAdjustEdges.cxx )
  target_link_libraries(CurvaturesAdjustEdges PRIVATE ${VTK_LIBRARIES}
)
# vtk_module_autoinit is needed
vtk_module_autoinit(
  TARGETS CurvaturesAdjustEdges
  MODULES ${VTK_LIBRARIES}
)

Download and Build CurvaturesAdjustEdges

Click here to download CurvaturesAdjustEdges and its CMakeLists.txt file. Once the tarball CurvaturesAdjustEdges.tar has been downloaded and extracted,

cd CurvaturesAdjustEdges/build

If VTK is installed:

cmake ..

If VTK is not installed but compiled on your system, you will need to specify the path to your VTK build:

cmake -DVTK_DIR:PATH=/home/me/vtk_build ..

Build the project:

make

and run it:

./CurvaturesAdjustEdges

WINDOWS USERS

Be sure to add the VTK bin directory to your path. This will resolve the VTK dll's at run time.